In this exciting column we'll actually walk through configuring a Cisco router for BGP. It's very important, however, that you look through June's column (which has 7 pages of background information on BGP) - and preferably May's column, which talks about multi-homing without BGP, before you think you're ready to configure a router to speak BGP.
A BASIC REVIEWBGP4, or Border Gateway Protocol 4, is a routing protocol that is used by providers to announce routing information. Routes are promises to carry information (IP packets) to a given range of destination IP addresses. BGP4 as we're studying it, is spoken over peering sessions between routers in different networks, or Autonomous Systems. Each Autonomous System (AS) has a globally unique Autonomous System Number (ASN).
AGAIN, A WARNINGThis is dangerous stuff. It's always best if you can test BGP configurations in a "lab" made up of a few Cisco 2501s before implementing them in a live network connected to the Internet, or, if you can, post your network topology and suggested configuration to the inet-access mailing list and get feedback on it. Making mistakes in BGP configuration can "blackhole" - or deny service - to remote parts of the Internet. It's very important that you understand basic IP routing, how to configure your router properly, and at least, the basics of BGP before you set out to configure your router. Unfortunately, there's no good reference on using BGP to refer people to. Reading the RFCs (the Request For Comment documents that define the protocol at a low-to-mid-level), or even Cisco documentation (Cisco did not invent BGP, but Cisco's BGP implementation is definitely the most widely used) does not really tell you enough. Many of the "routing gurus" out there got started by looking at and working on running networks, where the architecture and implementation were already done. Most of the rest, however, started with the basics, and expanded their knowledge and experience as their networks grew. Providers should aggressively filter their downstream BGP-speaking customers! The best way they can do this is to filter their announcements such that they will only hear certain specific routes from their customers. You may remember major network problems from late April that could have been avoided if any of a number of routers had strict filters installed.
BEING "CONNECTED" TO THE INTERNET: YET ANOTHER REVIEWThroughout this discussion it's critical to think about what it means to be "connected" to the Internet. To be connected to the Internet, for each host that is "on the Internet," you need to be able to:
Look at Figure 1. We'll explain more of the details below, but note the "Home Dial-up User." He's connected to AOL, which is served by ANS (AOL owns ANS). We're using 192.204.4.0/24 as an example. In this example, the reason that an AOL dial-up user can send a packet to 192.204.4.0/24 (for example) is that the ISP (AS 64512) advertised that route to the two upstream providers (AS 4969 and AS 701), who in turn advertised that route to AS 1673 (ANS, which provides IP service for AOL). Every IP address that you can get to on the Internet is reachable because someone, somewhere, has advertised a route that "covers" it. Similarly, if there is not a generally advertised route to cover an IP address, then no one on the Internet will be able to reach it.
AS-PATHSEvery time a route is advertised via BGP, it is "stamped" with the ASN of the router doing the advertising. As a route moves from Autonomous System to Autonomous System (network to network), it builds up an "AS-PATH." Each route starts out with a "null AS-PATH," represented by the regular expression ^$. See Figure 1- the blocks that show the routes as they move from hop to hop show you the AS-PATH accumulating as the route moves from network to network.
HOW BGP PEERING SESSIONS WORKWhen a peering session is established, each router sends all of its BGP routing information to the other router - unless "filters" are installed to restrict the information that gets passed. Then, once the initial routing information has been sent, "updates" (new routes being advertised and old, advertised routes, being withdrawn) flow back and forth until the session dies. AS-PATH FILTERSWe'll shortly give a complete explanation of "AS-PATH filters." For now, we'll just go over the basics and give you the three fundamental AS-PATH filters for basic BGP. The purpose of AS-PATH filters is to whack out huge chunks of routing information - so that you only send exactly the routes that you want to send.
THE FUNDAMENTAL AS-PATH FILTERSFirst, the filter that "permits everything."
ip as-path access-list 1 permit .* Third, the filter that "permits only OUR routes."
ip as-path access-list 3 permit ^$ ip as-path access-list 3 deny .* A few comments:
BGP METRICS (ATTRIBUTES) AND ROUTE SELECTION: INTRODUCTIONNext month we'll go into BGP metrics and attributes, which are parameters associated with BGP routes that allow you to select and change the selection of "the best BGP route" for a certain destination. For now, keep in mind that unless you do any tuning on your own:
If you're multi-homed, then BGP will pick the route with the shortest AS_PATH if both providers offer you what is otherwise the same route to a given destination. Once BGP picks the best route, it is then eligible to be installed in the IP Routing Table, which is the table that the router consults when making the actual packet-forwarding decisions.
WHAT TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN CONFIGURING BGPWhen you're bringing up a new BGP session, or considering how to do BGP in general, the things to keep in mind for each peer are:
For the example in this column we'll explicitly advertise only a few routes, and use AS-PATH filters to deny advertisement of any other BGP routes we may have heard. For now we'll either deny all incoming BGP routes and use load-balanced default routes, or we'll take the incoming BGP routes, if the BGP-speaking router is capable of it. The latter requires a Cisco with at least 64 MB of RAM.
MULTI-HOMING AND LOAD-BALANCINGGenerally, the goal of multi-homing is to use both connections in a sane manner and "load-balance" them somehow. Ideally, you'd like roughly half the traffic to go in and out of each connection. You'd also like "fail-over" routing, where if one connection goes down the other one keeps you connected to the Internet. In an ideal network, you'd be able to have any one of your connections to the Net go down and still maintain connectivity and speed. We'll talk in the next few months about how you load-balance incoming and outgoing traffic to and from your network. Incoming traffic is controlled by how you announce your routes to the world (packets will flow into your network because someone heard of, and is using, a route announcement). Outgoing traffic is controlled by the routes that you allow to flow into your border router(s) - and is thus much easier to control and tune.
HOW TO ANNOUNCE YOUR NETWORKS: THE KEY TO BGP CONFIGURATIONOnce you've decided what you want to do with BGP, it's time to translate those decisions into a router configuration. The safest way to announce your routes with BGP is to configure everything statically. You can think of the process described below as turning internal routing statements into route announcements. To do this: Identify every route that you "own" (or are "allowed to" announce).
For example, let's say you're routing the following networks (also called "netblocks" or "prefixes"):
170.40.0.0/16 (a /16 has a netmask of 255.255.0.0) 192.204.4.0/24 (a /24 has a netmask of 255.255.255.0) 207.106.96.0/20 (a /22 has a netmask of 255.255.252.0) You'd first configure your router with:
int Loopback0descr Loopback interface for routes to be nailed to. ip route 170.40.0.0 255.255.0.0 Loopback0 10 ip route 192.204.4.0 255.255.255.0 Loopback0 10 ip route 207.106.96.0 255.255.252.0 Loopback0 10 Then, put in your "as-path access-list filters".
ip as-path access-list 1 permit .* ip as-path access-list 2 deny .* ip as-path access-list 3 permit ^$ ip as-path access-list 3 deny .* Then put in "router BGP" clause.
router bgp 64512
WHAT THIS DOES: ANTI-FLAPPING MEASURESOne of our goals is to prevent the route advertisements from "flapping" if parts of your network die temporarily. If you are the upstream provider for anyone who's multi-homed, you shouldn't statically announce any routes for them unless you really understand what you're doing. Anyway, to prevent the route advertisements from flapping, we put in backup routes to the Loopback0 pseudo-interface. This method "statically nails down" the advertised BGP route announcements with the network statements. To nail them down, there must be: (1) underlying static routes with the same netmask as each route being advertised with a network statement; and (2) those underlying static routes must not go away. The purpose of the Loopback0 routes is to ensure that even if an existing primary route which matches the netmask of the route being announced (and this is often not the case) goes away, the Loopback0 route (with a weight of 10, which means it's only a backup route to any route without a weight at the end) will kick in and keep the BGP route advertisement stable. Loopback0 routes always stay installed since there's no physical interface to go down and cause the route to be withdrawn - the interface Loopback0 will always be up, so the routes pointed to them will always be installed. NOTE: If you are already using Loopback0, then pick another Interface (Loopback1, Loopback2, etc...)
WHAT THIS DOES: FILTERSThis example uses a "send only our local routes" outbound filter, so it won't accidentally re-advertise one of your upstream provider's routes to the other. Here we also use a "deny everything" incoming filter, which will only announce routes and not accept any. If you want to accept all incoming routes, replace the filter-list 2 in with filter-list 1 in. Actually, you could just not specify an inbound as-path filter, and the effect would be the same, but it's better by far to be explicit about these things.
ADDING MORE PEERSTo add more peers, just create another similar neighbor statement. Cisco routers give you 30 seconds to finish typing the neighbor statement before trying to establish the session. It is critical that you get those neighbor somebody filter-li st xxx .. statements entered by then. The best way, by far, to do it is to either cut and paste or tftp in a complete neighbor statement to the router.
THE COMPLETED EXAMPLEHere's an example of a completely filled-in BGP clause, based on Figure 1.
router bgp 64512 network 170.40.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 network 192.204.4.0 mask 255.255.255.0 network 207.106.96.0 mask 255.255.252.0 neighbor 207.106.127.45 remote-as 4969 neighbor 207.106.127.45 next-hop-self neighbor 207.106.127.45 filter-list 3 out neighbor 207.106.127.45 filter-list 2 in neighbor 137.10.10.121 remote-as 701 neighbor 137.10.10.121 next-hop-self neighbor 137.10.10.121 filter-list 3 out neighbor 137.10.10.121 filter-list 2 in This says:
CONTROLLING OUTGOING DATA FLOW: "FULL ROUTING" AND OTHER OPTIONSNext month we'll go into detail and give you examples of many different ways to use the routes you can hear via BGP to tune your outbound data flow. Briefly, option one is "take everything." With a big enough router, you can take multiple views of the full routing table, and this should give you a somewhat better quality of Internet connectivity than just load- balancing default routes. For each route where there are multiple views, your router will select the best one to use at any time, which is based on AS_PATH length, unless you tune other parameters. Option two is "take customer routes from each provider." Who can get to SprintLink customers better than SprintLink? No one, if SprintLink's built its network properly. You ask each provider to only send you routes for its customers. If your two providers are not SprintLink and MCI, then you should be able to store those routes and use them even on a Cisco 2501. These routes are also called "peering routes" because the "routing load" that providers who have no customer-provider relationship (i.e. MCI to Sprint, UUNET to ANS) send to each other via BGP.
A SAMPLE ROUTER CONFIG
! service password-encryption no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname jacks-router ! enable secret 5 $1$h7jsdf$k23jMhJ.u5jads0.otE. enable password 7 145C1B020D1726 ! interface Ethernet0
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